Tinoshandisa photoemission spectroscopy ine nguva nekona (tr-ARPES) kuti tiongorore kutamiswa kwechaja kwe ultrafast mu epitaxial heterostructure yakagadzirwa ne monolayer WS2 ne graphene. Iyi heterostructure inosanganisa mabhenefiti e direct-gap semiconductor ine strong spin-orbit coupling uye strong light-matter interaction neiyo ye semimetal hosting massless carriers ine kufamba kwakanyanya uye hupenyu hwe long spin. Tinoona kuti, mushure me photoexcitation pa resonance kune A-exciton mu WS2, maburi ane photoexcited anotamira nekukurumidza mu graphene layer nepo ma photoexcited electrons achiramba ari mu WS2 layer. Charge-separated transient state inobuda inowanikwa ine hupenyu hwe ∼1 ps. Tinoti zvatakawana ndezvekusiyana kwe scattering phase space inokonzerwa ne relative alignment ye WS2 ne graphene bands sezvakaratidzwa ne high-resolution ARPES. Pamwe chete ne spin-selective optical excitation, WS2/graphene heterostructure yakaongororwa inogona kupa chikuva chekupinza optical spin mu graphene zvakanaka.
Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mativi maviri kwakavhura mukana wekugadzira magadzirirwo matsva e-heterostructures ane mashandiro matsva akavakirwa pakuongorora kwe-dielectric kwakagadzirirwa uye mhedzisiro dzakasiyana-siyana dzinokonzereswa nepedyo (1–3). Zvishandiso zvinoratidza humbowo hwemashandisirwo emangwana mumunda wemagetsi ne-optoelectronics zvakawanikwa (4–6).
Pano, tinotarisa pane epitaxial van der Waals heterostructures ine monolayer WS2, semiconductor yakananga-gap ine spin-orbit coupling yakasimba uye spin splitting yakakura ye band structure nekuda kwe broken inversion symmetry (7), uye monolayer graphene, semimetal ine conical band structure uye high carrier mobility (8), inokura pahydrogen-terminated SiC(0001). Zviratidzo zvekutanga zve ultrafast charge transfer (9–15) uye proximity-induced spin-orbit coupling effects (16–18) zvinoita kuti WS2/graphene nezvimwe zvakafanana heterostructures zvive zvinovimbisa maapplication emangwana e optoelectronic (19) uye optospintronic (20).
Takatanga kuratidza nzira dzekurerutsira dzema "photogenerated electron-hole pairs" muWS2/graphene ne "time-and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy" (tr-ARPES). Nechinangwa ichocho, tinomutsa "heterostructure" ne "2-eV pump pulses" inoenderana neA-exciton muWS2 (21, 12) uye tinoburitsa "photoelectrons" ne "time-delayed probe pulse" pa "26-eV photon energy". Tinosarudza "kinetic energy" uye "emission angle" ye "photoelectrons" ne "hemispherical analyzer" senzira yekunonoka kwe "pump-probe" kuti tiwane mukana we "momentum-, energy-, uye time-resolved carrier dynamics". Simba nenguva resolution i240 meV uye 200 fs, zvichiteerana.
Mhedzisiro yedu inopa humbowo hwakananga hwekufambiswa kwechaja ye ultrafast pakati pezvikamu zvakarongwa ne epitaxially, zvichisimbisa zviratidzo zvekutanga zvichibva pahunyanzvi hwe all-optical mu heterostructures dzakafanana dzakagadzirwa nemaoko dzine azimuthal alignment yezvikamu (9-15). Pamusoro pezvo, tinoratidza kuti kutamiswa kwechaja uku hakuna kufanana zvakanyanya. Kuyerwa kwedu kunoratidza mamiriro e transient akaparadzaniswa nechaja kare asina kuonekwa ane ma electron ane photoexcited nemaburi ari muWS2 ne graphene layer, zvichiteerana, anogara kwe ∼1 ps. Isu tinotsanangura zvatakawana maererano nekusiyana kwenzvimbo yekupararira kwe electron nehole transfer inokonzerwa nekuwirirana kwe WS2 ne graphene bands sezvakaratidzwa ne high-resolution ARPES. Pamwe chete ne spin- uye valley-selective optical excitation (22-25) WS2/graphene heterostructures inogona kupa puratifomu itsva ye ultrafast optical spin injection inoshanda mu graphene.
Mufananidzo 1A unoratidza kuyerwa kweARPES kwepamusoro-soro kwakawanikwa nerambi rehelium rechimiro chebhandi richitevedza ΓK-direction ye epitaxial WS2/graphene heterostructure. Dirac cone inowanikwa yakavharirwa nehole-doped ine Dirac point iri ∼0.3 eV pamusoro pe equilibrium chemical potential. Pamusoro pe spin-split WS2 valence band inowanikwa iri ∼1.2 eV pasi pe equilibrium chemical potential.
(A) Kuenzana kwe photocurrent kwakayerwa nenzira yeΓK nerambi rehelium risina polarized. (B) Photocurrent yekunonoka kwepombi-probe isina kunaka yakayerwa ne p-polarized extreme ultraviolet pulses pa 26-eV photon energy. Mitsetse yegrey netsvuku yakachekwa inoratidza nzvimbo yema profiles emutsara anoshandiswa kubvisa nzvimbo dze transient peak muFig. 2. (C) Kuchinja kwe photocurrent kunokonzerwa ne pombi 200 fs mushure me photoexcitation pa pombi photon energy ye 2 eV ne pombi fluence ye 2 mJ/cm2. Kuwana nekurasikirwa kwe photoelectrons kunoratidzwa mutsvuku nebhuruu, zvichiteerana. Mabhokisi anoratidza nzvimbo yekubatanidzwa kwe pump-probe traces inoratidzwa muFig. 3.
Mufananidzo 1B unoratidza mufananidzo we tr-ARPES wechimiro chebhandi chiri pedyo neWS2 uye graphene K-points yakayerwa ne 100-fs extreme ultraviolet pulses pa 26-eV photon energy pakunonoka kwe pump-probe kusati kwasvika. Pano, kupatsanurwa kwe spin hakugadziriswi nekuda kwekuora kwemuenzaniso uye kuvapo kwe 2-eV pump pulse iyo inokonzera kuwedzera kwe space charge ye spectral features. Mufananidzo 1C unoratidza shanduko dzinokonzereswa ne pump-ARPES dze photocurrent maererano neMufananidzo 1B pakunonoka kwe pump-probe kwe 200 fs apo chiratidzo che pump-probe chinosvika pakakwirira. Mavara matsvuku nebhuruu anoratidza kuwedzera nekurasikirwa kwe photoelectrons, zvichiteerana.
Kuti tiongorore zvakadzama mashandiro aya akapfuma, tinotanga taziva nzvimbo dzenguva pfupi dzeWS2 valence band negraphene π-band pamwe chete nemitsetse yakapatsanurwa muFig. 1B sezvakatsanangurwa zvakadzama muSupplementary Materials. Tinoona kuti WS2 valence band inochinja ne90 meV (Fig. 2A) uye graphene π-band inochinja ne50 meV (Fig. 2B). Hupenyu hwe exponential hwemashifts aya hunowanikwa huri 1.2 ± 0.1 ps yevalence band yeWS2 uye 1.7 ± 0.3 ps yegraphene π-band. Ma peak shifts aya anopa humbowo hwekutanga hwekuchaja kwenguva pfupi kwema layers maviri, uko imwe positive (negative) charge inowedzera (inoderedza) simba rekubatanidza remagetsi. Cherechedza kuti kukwidzwa kweWS2 valence band ndiko kune basa rekuratidza pump-probe signal munzvimbo yakanyorwa nebhokisi dema muFig. 1C.
Kuchinja kwenzvimbo yepamusoro yeWS2 valence band (A) uye graphene π-band (B) sebasa rekunonoka kwepombi-probe pamwe chete nekukwana kwe exponential (mitsetse yakakora). Hupenyu hweWS2 shift mu (A) i1.2 ± 0.1 ps. Hupenyu hwegraphene shift mu (B) i1.7 ± 0.3 ps.
Tevere, tinobatanidza chiratidzo chepombi-probe panzvimbo dzakaratidzwa nemabhokisi ane mavara ari muFig. 1C uye tinoronga huwandu hwacho sebasa rekunonoka kwepombi-probe muFig. 3. Curve 1 muFig. 3 inoratidza mashandiro evanotakura photoexcited vari pedyo nepasi pebhendi rekufambisa reWS2 layer nehupenyu hwe1.1 ± 0.1 ps yakawanikwa kubva pakukwana kwe exponential kudata (ona Zvimwe Zvinyorwa).
Zviratidzo zvepombi-probe sebasa rekunonoka kunowanikwa nekubatanidza photocurrent pamusoro penzvimbo inoratidzwa nemabhokisi ari muMufananidzo 1C. Mitsetse yakakora inoenderana nedata. Curve (1) Transient carrier population mu conduction band yeWS2. Curve (2) Pump-probe signal ye π-band ye graphene pamusoro pe equilibrium chemical potential. Curve (3) Pump-probe signal ye π-band ye graphene pasi pe equilibrium chemical potential. Curve (4) Net pump-probe signal mu valence band ye WS2. Hupenyu hwese hunowanikwa huri 1.2 ± 0.1 ps mu (1), 180 ± 20 fs (gain) uye ∼2 ps (loss) mu (2), uye 1.8 ± 0.2 ps mu (3).
Mumacurve 2 ne3 eMufananidzo 3, tinoratidza chiratidzo chepump-probe chegraphene π-band. Tinoona kuti kuwana kwemaerekitironi pamusoro pe equilibrium chemical potential (curve 2 muMufananidzo 3) kune hupenyu hupfupi (180 ± 20 fs) zvichienzaniswa nekurasikirwa kwemaerekitironi pasi pe equilibrium chemical potential (1.8 ± 0.2 ps mu curve 3 Mufananidzo 3). Uyezve, kuwana kwekutanga kwe photocurrent mu curve 2 yeMufananidzo 3 kunowanikwa kuchishanduka kuva kurasikirwa pa t = 400 fs nehupenyu hwe ∼2 ps. Kusawirirana pakati pekuwana nekurasikirwa kunowanikwa kusina mu pump-probe signal ye uncovered monolayer graphene (ona mufananidzo S5 muSupplementary Materials), zvichiratidza kuti kusawirirana imhedzisiro yekubatana kwe interlayer mu WS2/graphene heterostructure. Kuonekwa kwekunge paine kuwedzera kwenguva pfupi uye kurasikirwa kwenguva refu pamusoro nepasi pesimba remakemikari e equilibrium, zvichiteerana, kunoratidza kuti maerekitironi anobviswa zvinobudirira kubva pa graphene layer kana paine photoexcitation ye heterostructure. Nekuda kweizvozvo, graphene layer inova positive charge, izvo zvinoenderana nekuwedzera kwesimba rekubatanidza re π-band riri muFig. 2B. Kudzikira kwe π-band kunobvisa muswe wesimba guru wekugoverwa kwe equilibrium Fermi-Dirac kubva pamusoro pesimba re equilibrium chemical, izvo zvinotsanangura zvishoma shanduko yechiratidzo che pump-probe mu curve 2 yeFig. 3. Ticharatidza pazasi kuti mhedzisiro iyi inowedzera nekurasikirwa kwenguva pfupi kwemaerekitironi mu π-band.
Mamiriro aya anotsigirwa nechiratidzo che net pump-probe cheWS2 valence band mu curve 4 yeMufananidzo 3. Data iri rakawanikwa nekubatanidza kuverenga pamusoro penzvimbo yakapihwa nebhokisi dema muMufananidzo 1B iyo inobata maerekitironi anoburitswa kubva ku valence band panguva dzese dzekunonoka kwe pump-probe. Mukati me experimental error bars, hatiwani chiratidzo chekuvapo kwemaburi mu valence band yeWS2 kune chero kunonoka kwe pump-probe. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, mushure me photoexcitation, maburi aya anozadzwa nekukurumidza panguva pfupi zvichienzaniswa ne temporal resolution yedu.
Kuti tipe humbowo hwekupedzisira hwefungidziro yedu yekuparadzaniswa kwechaja kwe ultrafast mu WS2/graphene heterostructure, tinosarudza huwandu hwemaburi akatamisirwa ku graphene layer sezvakatsanangurwa zvakadzama muSupplementary Materials. Muchidimbu, transient electronic distribution ye π-band yakaiswa Fermi-Dirac distribution. Huwandu hwemaburi hwakazoverengerwa kubva pamhedzisiro ye transient chemical potential uye electronic temperature. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muFig. 4. Tinoona kuti huwandu hwese hwe ∼5 × 1012 maburi/cm2 hunotamisirwa kubva ku WS2 kuenda ku graphene ne exponential lifetime ye 1.5 ± 0.2 ps.
Kuchinja kwehuwandu hwemaburi ari mubhendi reπ sebasa rekunonoka kwepombi pamwe chete nekukwana kwe exponential zvichipa hupenyu hwe1.5 ± 0.2 ps.
Kubva pane zvakawanikwa muMifananidzo 2 kusvika 4, mufananidzo unotevera we microscopic we ultrafast charge transfer mu WS2/graphene heterostructure unobuda (Mufananidzo 5). Photoexcitation ye WS2/graphene heterostructure pa 2 eV inozadza A-exciton mu WS2 (Mufananidzo 5A). Mamwe ma electronic excitations mu point ye Dirac mu graphene pamwe nepakati pe WS2 ne graphene bands anogoneka nesimba asi haashande zvakanaka. Maburi ane photoexcited mu valence band ye WS2 anozadzwa nema electrons anobva ku graphene π-band panguva pfupi kana tichienzanisa ne temporal resolution yedu (Mufananidzo 5A). Ma electrons ane photoexcited mu conduction band ye WS2 ane hupenyu hwe ∼1 ps (Mufananidzo 5B). Zvisinei, zvinotora ∼2 ps kuti uzadze maburi mu graphene π-band (Mufananidzo 5B). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, kunze kwekufambiswa kwemaerekitironi zvakananga pakati pebhendi reWS2 conduction nebhendi regraphene π, dzimwe nzira dzekuzorora—zvichida kuburikidza nemamiriro ekusagadzikana (26)—dzinofanira kufungwa kuti dzinzwisise mashandiro akazara.
(A) Kubuda kwechiedza pa WS2 A-exciton pa 2 eV kunopinza maerekitironi mubhendi rekufambisa reWS2. Maburi anoenderana ari mubhendi re valence reWS2 anozadzwazve ipapo ipapo nemaerekitironi kubva kubhendi re graphene π. (B) Vatakuri vechiedza pa WS2 vane hupenyu hwe ∼1 ps. Maburi ari mubhendi re graphene π anorarama kwe ∼2 ps, zvichiratidza kukosha kwekuwedzera nzira dzekupararira dzinoratidzwa nemiseve yakapwanyika. Mitsetse mitema yakapwanyika mu (A) na (B) inoratidza kushanduka kwebhendi uye shanduko mu chemical potential. (C) Mumamiriro e transient, WS2 layer inochajwa negative nepo graphene layer ichichajwa ne positively. Kune spin-selective excitation ine denderedzwa polarized light, maerekitironi e photoexcited muWS2 nemaburi anoenderana ari mu graphene anotarisirwa kuratidza spin polarization yakatarisana.
Mumamiriro ekuchinjana, maerekitironi ane photoexcited anogara mubhendi rekufambisa reWS2 nepo maburi ane photoexcited ari mubhendi re π re graphene (Mufananidzo 5C). Izvi zvinoreva kuti jira reWS2 rine negative charge uye girafu re graphene rine positive charge. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuchinja kwe peak kwe transient (Mufananidzo 2), asymmetry ye graphene pump-probe signal (curves 2 ne 3 yeMufananidzo 3), kusavapo kwemaburi muvhendi re valence reWS2 (curve 4 Mufananidzo 3), pamwe nemaburi ekuwedzera mubhendi re graphene π (Mufananidzo 4). Hupenyu hwemamiriro aya akaparadzaniswa ne charge i ∼1 ps (curve 1 Mufananidzo 3).
Mamiriro akafanana ekuchinja-chinja akaonekwa mune van der Waals heterostructures dzakagadzirwa ne direct-gap semiconductors mbiri dzine type II band alignment uye staggered bandgap (27-32). Mushure me photoexcitation, ma electrons nemaburi zvakaonekwa zvichifamba nekukurumidza pasi pe conduction band uye pamusoro pe valence band, zvichiteerana, dziri muzvikamu zvakasiyana zve heterostructure (27-32).
Panyaya ye WS2/graphene heterostructure yedu, nzvimbo inonyanya kunaka yemaerekitironi nemaburi iri paFermi level mu metallic graphene layer. Nokudaro, munhu angatarisira kuti maerekitironi nemaburi zvinokurumidza kuenda ku graphene π-band. Zvisinei, zviyero zvedu zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuti kuchinjisa maburi (<200 fs) kunoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura kuchinjisa maerekitironi (∼1 ps). Isu tinoti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuenderana kwesimba reWS2 nemabhendi e graphene sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 1A iyo inopa huwandu hwakawanda hwemamiriro ekupedzisira aripo ekuchinjisa maburi zvichienzaniswa nekuchinjisa maerekitironi sezvakatarisirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura na (14, 15). Muchiitiko ichi, tichifunga nezve ∼2 eV WS2 bandgap, graphene Dirac point uye equilibrium chemical potential zviri ∼0.5 uye ∼0.2 eV pamusoro pepakati pe WS2 bandgap, zvichiteerana, zvichityora electron-hole symmetry. Tinoona kuti huwandu hwemamiriro ekupedzisira aripo ekuchinjisa maburi hwakakura ka ∼6 pane ekuchinjisa maerekitironi (ona Zvimwe Zvishandiso), ndosaka kutamiswa kwemaburi kuchitarisirwa kuti kumhanye kupfuura kutamiswa kwemaerekitironi.
Mufananidzo wakakwana we microscopic we ultrafast asymmetric charge transfer yakaonekwa inofanirawo kufunga nezvekubatana pakati pe orbitals dzinoumba A-exciton wave function muWS2 uye graphene π-band, zvichiteerana, nzira dzakasiyana dze electron-electron uye electron-phonon scattering kusanganisira zvirambidzo zvinoiswa ne momentum, energy, spin, uye pseudospin conservation, pesvedzero ye plasma oscillations (33), pamwe nebasa re displacive excitation ye coherent phonon oscillations inogona kutungamira charge transfer (34, 35). Zvakare, munhu anogona kufungidzira kana charge transfer state yakaonekwa ine charge transfer excitons kana free electron-hole pairs (ona Supplementary Materials). Kumwe kuferefeta kwedzidziso kunopfuura scope yepepa rino kunodiwa kuti kujekese nyaya idzi.
Muchidimbu, takashandisa tr-ARPES kudzidza ultrafast interlayer charge transfer mu epitaxial WS2/graphene heterostructure. Takaona kuti, kana tichinzwa resonance kuA-exciton yeWS2 pa2 eV, maburi ane photoexcited anotamira nekukurumidza mu graphene layer ukuwo ma electron ane photoexcited achiramba ari muWS2 layer. Takafunga izvi nekuda kwekuti huwandu hwemamiriro ekupedzisira aripo ekutamisa maburi hwakakura pane ekutamisa ma electron. Hupenyu hwemamiriro e transient akaparadzaniswa ne charge hwakawanikwa huri ∼1 ps. Pamwe chete ne spin-selective optical excitation uchishandisa circularly polarized light (22–25), ultrafast charge transfer yakaonekwa inogona kuperekedzwa ne spin transfer. Muchiitiko ichi, WS2/graphene heterostructure yakaongororwa inogona kushandiswa pakuisa optical spin mu graphene zvichikonzera michina mitsva ye optospintronic.
Masampuleti e graphene akarimwa pawafers dze 6H-SiC(0001) dzekutengesa dzinoita semiconducting kubva kuSiCrystal GmbH. Masampuleti eN-doped aive on-axis aine miscut iri pasi pe0.5°. SiC substrate yakachekwa nehydrogen kuti ibvise mavanga uye iwane materrace akatsetseka. Nzvimbo yakachena uye yakatsetseka yeSi-terminated yakabva yagadziriswa ne graphit nekunamira sample mumhepo yeAr pa1300°C kwemaminitsi masere (36). Nenzira iyi, takawana kabhoni imwe chete apo atomu yega yega yekabhoni yakaumba covalent bond kuSiC substrate (37). Kabhoni iyi yakabva yashandurwa kuita graphene yakazara sp2-hybridized quasi free-standing hole-doped graphene kuburikidza ne hydrogen intercalation (38). Masampuleti aya anonzi graphene/H-SiC(0001). Maitiro ese akaitwa mukamuri rekukura reBlack Magic rekutengesa kubva kuAixtron. Kukura kweWS2 kwakaitwa mu "standard hot-wall reactor" kuburikidza ne "low-pressure chemical vapor deposition" (39, 40) uchishandisa WO3 neS powders dzine huwandu hwe1:100 se "precursors". WO3 neS powders dzakachengetwa pa900 ne200°C, zvichiteerana. WO3 powder yakaiswa pedyo ne substrate. Argon yakashandiswa se carrier gas ine flow ye 8 sccm. Pressure mu "reactor" yakachengetwa pa 0.5 mbar. Samples dzakaratidzwa ne secondary electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman, uye photoluminescence spectroscopy, pamwe ne low-energy electron diffraction. Kuyerwa uku kwakaratidza nzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana dzeWS2 single-crystalline apo ΓK- kana ΓK'-direction yakabatana ne ΓK-direction ye graphene layer. Kureba kwemativi edomeini kwaisiyana pakati pe300 ne700 nm, uye huwandu hwese hweWS2 hwakafungidzirwa kusvika ku ~40%, zvakakodzera kuongororwa kweARPES.
Kuedza kweARPES kwakagadzikwa nehemispherical analyzer (SPECS PHOIBOS 150) uchishandisa system ye charge-coupled device-detector yekuona simba rema electron uye momentum. Unpolarized, monochromatic He Iα radiation (21.2 eV) ye high-flux He discharge source (VG Scienta VUV5000) yakashandiswa pakuedza kwese kwe photoemission. Simba uye angular resolution mukuyedza kwedu zvaive zviri nani pane 30 meV ne 0.3° (zvinoenderana ne 0.01 Å−1), zvichiteerana. Kuedza kwese kwakaitwa patembiricha yemumba. ARPES inzira inonyanya kubatwa nepamusoro. Kuburitsa ma photoelectron kubva kuWS2 ne graphene layer, sampuro dzine WS2 coverage isina kukwana ye ∼40% dzakashandiswa.
Kugadzika kwe tr-ARPES kwakavakirwa pa 1-kHz Titanium:Sapphire amplifier (Coherent Legend Elite Duo). 2 mJ yesimba rekubuda rakashandiswa pakugadzira harmonics yakawanda mu argon. Mwenje we ultraviolet wakabuda wakapfuura nepa grating monochromator uchigadzira 100-fs probe pulses pa 26-eV photon energy. 8mJ yesimba rekubuda re amplifier yakatumirwa mu optical parametric amplifier (HE-TOPAS kubva kuLight Conversion). Chiratidzo che signal pa 1-eV photon energy chakapetwa kaviri mu beta barium borate crystal kuti chiwane 2-eV pump pulses. Kuyerwa kwe tr-ARPES kwakaitwa ne hemispherical analyzer (SPECS PHOIBOS 100). Simba rese uye resolution yenguva yaive 240 meV uye 200 fs, zvichiteerana.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvechinyorwa chino zvinowanikwa pa http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/20/eaay0761/DC1
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NaSven Aeschlimann, Antonio Rossi, Mariana Chávez-Cervantes, Razvan Krause, Benito Arnoldi, Benjamin Stadtmüller, Martin Aeschlimann, Stiven Forti, Filippo Fabbri, Camilla Coletti, Isabella Gierz
Tinoburitsa kupatsanurwa kwechaji nekukurumidza muWS2/graphene heterostructure zvingangoita kuti injection ye optical spin ipinde mugraphene.
NaSven Aeschlimann, Antonio Rossi, Mariana Chávez-Cervantes, Razvan Krause, Benito Arnoldi, Benjamin Stadtmüller, Martin Aeschlimann, Stiven Forti, Filippo Fabbri, Camilla Coletti, Isabella Gierz
Tinoburitsa kupatsanurwa kwechaji nekukurumidza muWS2/graphene heterostructure zvingangoita kuti injection ye optical spin ipinde mugraphene.
© 2020 American Association yekufambira mberi kweSainzi. Kodzero dzese dzakachengetwa. AAAS ishamwari yeHINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef uye COUNTER.Science Advances ISSN 2375-2548.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-25-2020