Wowonetsa ma hydrogen cell a Universal Hydrogen adapita koyamba ku Moss Lake, Washington, sabata yatha. Ulendo woyeserawu unatenga mphindi 15 ndipo unafika pamtunda wa mamita 3,500. Nsanja yoyeserayi imachokera ku Dash8-300, ndege yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya hydrogen cell.
Ndegeyo, yotchedwa Lightning McClean, inanyamuka pa Grant County International Airport (KMWH) nthawi ya 8:45 am pa 2 March ndipo inafika pamtunda wa mamita 3,500 patatha mphindi 15. Ulendowu, womwe umachokera ku satifiketi ya FAA Special Airworthiness, ndi woyamba mwa maulendo awiri omwe akuyembekezeka kutha mu 2025. Ndegeyo, yomwe idasinthidwa kuchokera ku ndege ya ATR 72, ili ndi injini imodzi yokha yoyambirira ya turbine yamafuta kuti ikhale yotetezeka, pomwe yotsalayo imayendetsedwa ndi hydrogen yeniyeni.
Cholinga cha Universal Hydrogen ndi chakuti ntchito zoyendetsa ndege m'madera osiyanasiyana ziziyendetsedwa ndi maselo amafuta a hydrogen pofika chaka cha 2025. Mu mayesowa, injini yoyendetsedwa ndi selo loyera la mafuta a hydrogen imatulutsa madzi okha ndipo siiwononga mlengalenga. Chifukwa ndi mayeso oyamba, injini inayo imagwirabe ntchito pamafuta wamba. Chifukwa chake ngati muyang'ana, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa injini yakumanzere ndi yakumanja, ngakhale kukula kwa masamba ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba. Malinga ndi Universal Hydrogren, ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi maselo amafuta a hydrogen ndizotetezeka, zotsika mtengo kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo sizikhudza chilengedwe. Maselo awo amafuta a hydrogen ndi okhazikika ndipo amatha kukwezedwa ndikutsitsidwa kudzera m'malo omwe alipo a eyapoti, kotero eyapoti ikhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa zowonjezera za ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi hydrogen popanda kusintha. M'malingaliro, ma jet akuluakulu angachite chimodzimodzi, ndi ma turbofan oyendetsedwa ndi maselo amafuta a hydrogen akuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2030.
Ndipotu, Paul Eremenko, yemwe anayambitsa komanso CEO wa Universal Hydrogen, akukhulupirira kuti ndege za jetliners ziyenera kuyendetsa pa hydrogen yoyera pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2030, apo ayi makampaniwa adzayenera kuchepetsa maulendo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zokakamiza za utsi m'makampani onse. Zotsatira zake zidzakhala kukwera kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya matikiti komanso kulimbana kuti apeze tikiti. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha ndege zatsopano zamagetsi. Koma ulendo woyamba uwu umaperekanso chiyembekezo kwa makampaniwa.
Ntchitoyi inachitidwa ndi Alex Kroll, yemwe kale anali woyendetsa ndege wa US Air Force komanso woyendetsa ndege wamkulu wa kampaniyo. Iye anati paulendo wake wachiwiri woyeserera, adatha kuuluka pogwiritsa ntchito majenereta a hydrogen fuel cell, osadalira injini zakale zamafuta. "Ndege yosinthidwayi ili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri ndipo makina amphamvu a hydrogen fuel cell amapanga phokoso lochepa komanso kugwedezeka pang'ono kuposa injini za turbine wamba," adatero Kroll.
Kampani ya Universal Hydrogen ili ndi maoda ambiri okwera ndege za m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Connect Airlines, kampani yaku America. John Thomas, mkulu wa kampaniyo, anati ndege ya Lightning McClain "ndi yoopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchepetsa mpweya woipa m'makampani opanga ndege padziko lonse lapansi."
N’chifukwa chiyani ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi haidrojeni ndi njira yochepetsera mpweya woipa m’ndege?
Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuika mayendedwe a pandege pachiwopsezo kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.
Malinga ndi World Resources Institute, gulu lofufuza lopanda phindu lomwe lili ku Washington, ndege zimatulutsa mpweya woipa kwambiri womwe umatulutsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi a mpweya woipa kuposa magalimoto ndi malole, ndege zimatulutsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi a mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa kuposa magalimoto ndi malole. Komabe, ndege zimanyamula anthu ochepa kwambiri patsiku kuposa magalimoto ndi malole.
Makampani anayi akuluakulu a ndege (a ku America, United, Delta ndi Southwest) adawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a ndege ndi 15 peresenti pakati pa 2014 ndi 2019. Komabe, ngakhale kuti ndege zogwira ntchito bwino komanso zopanda mpweya wambiri zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndege, chiwerengero cha okwera ndege chatsika kwambiri kuyambira 2019.
Makampani oyendetsa ndege adzipereka kuti asatenge mpweya woipa pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, ndipo ena ayika ndalama mu mafuta okhazikika kuti ndege zigwire ntchito yothandiza pakusintha kwa nyengo.
Mafuta okhazikika (SAFs) ndi mafuta achilengedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta ophikira, mafuta a nyama, zinyalala za m'matauni kapena zakudya zina. Mafutawo amatha kusakanikirana ndi mafuta achikhalidwe kuti apatse mphamvu injini za ndege ndipo akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'maulendo oyesera komanso ngakhale paulendo wokwera anthu. Komabe, mafuta okhazikika ndi okwera mtengo, pafupifupi katatu kuposa mafuta achikhalidwe a ndege. Pamene makampani ambiri a ndege akugula ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta okhazikika, mitengo idzakwera kwambiri. Olimbikitsa akulimbikitsa zolimbikitsa monga kuchepetsa misonkho kuti awonjezere kupanga.
Mafuta okhazikika amaonedwa ngati mafuta olumikizirana omwe amatha kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon mpaka zinthu zazikulu monga ndege zamagetsi kapena zoyendetsedwa ndi hydrogen zitachitika. Ndipotu, ukadaulo uwu sungagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri mu ndege kwa zaka zina 20 kapena 30.
Makampani akuyesera kupanga ndi kupanga ndege zamagetsi, koma zambiri ndi ndege zazing'ono, zofanana ndi helikopita zomwe zimauluka ndikutera molunjika ndipo zimanyamula anthu ochepa okha.
Kupanga ndege yaikulu yamagetsi yokhoza kunyamula anthu 200 -- yofanana ndi ndege yapakatikati -- kungafunike mabatire akuluakulu komanso nthawi yayitali yoyendera. Malinga ndi muyezo umenewo, mabatire amafunika kulemera mafuta a ndege pafupifupi nthawi 40 kuti azitha kudzazidwa mokwanira. Koma ndege zamagetsi sizingatheke popanda kusintha kwa ukadaulo wa mabatire.
Mphamvu ya haidrojeni ndi chida chothandiza kwambiri chopezera mpweya wochepa wa kaboni ndipo chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Ubwino waukulu wa mphamvu ya haidrojeni kuposa magwero ena obwezerezedwanso ndikuti imatha kusungidwa pamlingo waukulu m'nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo, haidrojeni yobiriwira ndiyo njira yokhayo yochotsera mpweya woipa m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo minda yamafakitale yomwe imayimiridwa ndi petrochemical, chitsulo, makampani opanga mankhwala ndi makampani oyendetsa ndege omwe amayimiridwa ndi International Commission on Hydrogen Energy, msika wa mphamvu ya haidrojeni ukuyembekezeka kufika $2.5 thililiyoni pofika chaka cha 2050.
"Hayidrojeni yokha ndi mafuta opepuka kwambiri," Dan Rutherford, wofufuza za kuchotsa mpweya m'magalimoto ndi ndege ku International Council on Clean Transportation, gulu loona za chilengedwe, adauza Associated Press. "Koma mukufunika matanki akuluakulu kuti musunge haidrojeni, ndipo thankiyo ndi yolemera kwambiri."
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta ndi zopinga pakukhazikitsa mafuta a haidrojeni. Mwachitsanzo, zomangamanga zatsopano zazikulu komanso zodula zidzafunika m'mabwalo a ndege kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni uzizire bwino.
Komabe, Rutherford akuyembekezerabe kuti mpweya wa hydrogen ufike mwachangu. Gulu lake likukhulupirira kuti ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya wa hydrogen zidzatha kuyenda makilomita pafupifupi 2,100 pofika chaka cha 2035.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-16-2023