Itsinda ry’indege za hydrogen rya Universal Hydrogen ryakoze urugendo rwaryo rwa mbere mu kirere yerekeza i Moss Lake, muri Washington, mu cyumweru gishize. Urugendo rw’igerageza rwamaze iminota 15 rugera ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.500. Urubuga rw’igerageza rushingiye kuri Dash8-300, indege nini cyane ku isi ya hydrogen.
Indege, yitwa Lightning McClean, yahagurutse ku kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Grant County (KMWH) saa mbiri n’iminota mirongo ine n’itanu za mu gitondo ku ya 2 Werurwe, igera ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.500 nyuma y’iminota 15. Urugendo, rushingiye ku cyemezo cya FAA Special Airworthiness, ni rwo rugendo rwa mbere mu rugendo rw’imyaka ibiri rwitezwe kurangira mu 2025. Indege, yahinduwe kuva ku ndege yo mu karere ya ATR 72, ifite moteri imwe gusa y’umwimerere ya turbine ya lisansi kugira ngo igire umutekano, mu gihe izindi zikoreshwa na hydrogen nziza.
Hydrogen y’Isi Yose ifite intego yo kugira ibikorwa byo mu kirere bikoresha uturemangingo twa hydrogene gusa bitarenze umwaka wa 2025. Muri iki kizamini, moteri ikoresha uturemangingo twa hydrogene isukuye isohora amazi gusa kandi ntihumanya ikirere. Kubera ko ari igerageza ry’ibanze, indi moteri iracyakoresha lisansi isanzwe. Iyo uyirebye, hari itandukaniro rinini hagati ya moteri z’ibumoso n’iz’iburyo, ndetse n’umurambararo w’udutsi n’umubare w’udutsi. Nk’uko Universal Hydrogren ibivuga, indege zikoresha uturemangingo twa hydrogene zitekanye, zihendutse kuzikoresha kandi nta ngaruka zigira ku bidukikije. Uturemangingo twazo twa hydrogene ni modular kandi zishobora gushyirwamo no gupakururwa mu bikoresho by’imizigo biri ku kibuga cy’indege, bityo ikibuga cy’indege gishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by’indege zikoresha hydrogene nta mpinduka. Mu buryo bw’imitekerereze, indege nini zishobora gukora nk’ibyo, aho turbofans zikoresha uturemangingo twa hydrogene zitezwe gukoreshwa hagati mu myaka ya 2030.
Mu by’ukuri, Paul Eremenko, umwe mu bashinze akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa Universal Hydrogen, yizera ko indege zitwara indege zigomba kuba zikoresha hydrogen nziza hagati mu myaka ya 2030, bitabaye ibyo inganda zigomba kugabanya ingendo kugira ngo zigere ku ntego zisabwa mu nganda zose zisohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ingaruka zabyo ni izamuka rikomeye ry’ibiciro by’amatike ndetse no guhangana no kubona itike. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’indege nshya zikoresha ingufu. Ariko uru rugendo rwa mbere runatanga icyizere ku nganda.
Ubwo butumwa bwakozwe na Alex Kroll, wahoze ari umupilote w’inararibonye mu igeragezwa ry’ingabo zirwanira mu kirere za Amerika akaba n’umupilote mukuru w’igerageza ry’ikigo. Yavuze ko mu rugendo rwa kabiri rw’igerageza, yashoboye kuguruka akoresheje moteri zitanga lisansi ya hydrogen, atishingikirije kuri moteri zisanzwe zikoresha lisansi. Kroll yagize ati: "Indege yavuguruwe ifite ubushobozi bwo kuyitwara neza kandi sisitemu y’ingufu za hydrogen itanga urusaku n’ihindagurika rito cyane ugereranyije na moteri zisanzwe zikoresha turbine."
Hydrogen ya Universal ifite indege nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa hydrogen zikoresha hydrogen, harimo na Connect Airlines, sosiyete y'Abanyamerika. John Thomas, umuyobozi mukuru w'iyi sosiyete, yavuze ko indege ya Lightning McClain "ari yo ibuza ko inganda z'indege ku isi zikoresha hydrogen."
Kuki indege zikoresha hydrogen ari amahitamo yo kugabanya karuboni mu ndege?
Ihindagurika ry'ikirere riri gushyira ubwikorezi bw'indege mu kaga mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo iri imbere.
Ishyirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije (World Resources Institute), rikorera i Washington, rivuga ko indege zisohora kimwe cya gatandatu cy’umwuka wa karuboni ugereranije n’imodoka n’amakamyo, nk’uko bivugwa n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije cya World Resources Institute. Ariko, indege zitwara abagenzi bake cyane ku munsi ugereranyije n’imodoka n’amakamyo.
Amasosiyete ane manini y’indege (Amerika, Leta Zunze Ubumwe, Delta n’Amajyepfo y’Uburengerazuba) yongereye ikoreshwa rya lisansi y’indege ku kigero cya 15 ku ijana hagati ya 2014 na 2019. Ariko, nubwo indege zikora neza kandi zikoresha karubone nke zashyizwe mu bikorwa, umubare w’abagenzi waragabanutse kuva mu 2019.
Amasosiyete y’indege yiyemeje kuba nta karuboni ikoreshwa mu gutwara ibintu mu kirere mu kinyejana cya hagati, kandi amwe mu masosiyete yashoye imari mu mavuta arambye kugira ngo indege zigire uruhare runini mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ibikomoka ku mavuta arambye (SAFs) ni ibikomoka ku bimera bikozwe mu mavuta yo guteka, ibinure by'inyamaswa, imyanda y'umujyi cyangwa ibindi bikomoka ku bimera. Ibikomoka ku mavuta bishobora kuvangwa n'ibikomoka ku mavuta asanzwe kugira ngo bikoreshe moteri z'indege kandi bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu ngendo z'indege zigeragezwa ndetse no mu ngendo z'abagenzi ziteganyijwe. Ariko, ibikomoka ku mavuta arambye birahenze, bikubye inshuro eshatu ibikomoka ku mavuta asanzwe. Uko indege nyinshi zigura kandi zigakoresha ibikomoka ku mavuta arambye, ibiciro bizakomeza kwiyongera. Abashyigikiye ko habaho inkunga nko kugabanya imisoro kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli birambye bifatwa nk'ibikomoka kuri peteroli bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere kugeza igihe habayeho iterambere rikomeye nk'indege zikoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa hydrogen. Mu by'ukuri, ubu buryo bushobora kudakoreshwa cyane mu ndege mu gihe cy'indi myaka 20 cyangwa 30.
Amasosiyete arimo kugerageza gushushanya no kubaka indege zikoresha amashanyarazi, ariko inyinshi muri zo ni indege nto, zisa na kajugujugu zihaguruka zikagwa hasi zihagaze kandi zigatwara abagenzi bake gusa.
Gukora indege nini ikoresha amashanyarazi ishobora gutwara abagenzi 200 -- bingana n'urugendo rwo hagati -- byasaba bateri nini kandi igihe kirekire cyo kuguruka. Dukurikije iyo ngengo, bateri zakenera gupima lisansi inshuro 40 kugira ngo zishyurwe neza. Ariko indege zikoresha amashanyarazi ntizishoboka hatabayeho impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga rya bateri.
Ingufu za hydrogène ni igikoresho cyiza cyo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere kandi kigira uruhare rudasimburwa mu mpinduka ku isi mu ngufu. Akamaro gakomeye k'ingufu za hydrogène kuruta izindi ngufu zishobora kuvugururwa ni uko zishobora kubikwa ku rugero runini mu bihe by'umwaka. Muri zo, hydrogène y'icyatsi kibisi ni yo nzira yonyine yo gukuraho karubone mu nganda nyinshi, harimo n'inganda zihagarariwe n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibyuma, ibinyabutabire ndetse n'inganda zitwara abagenzi zihagarariwe n'indege. Nk'uko Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga ishinzwe Ingufu za Hydrogène yabitangaje, isoko ry'ingufu za hydrogène ryitezwe kugera kuri tiriyari 2.5 z'amadolari mu 2050.
Dan Rutherford, umushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gukuraho karubone mu modoka n'indege mu itsinda ryita ku bidukikije, yabwiye Associated Press ati: "Hydrogen ubwayo ni lisansi yoroheje cyane." "Ariko ukeneye ibigega binini kugira ngo ubike hydrogen, kandi ikigega ubwacyo kiraremereye cyane."
Byongeye kandi, hari imbogamizi n'imbogamizi mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya lisansi ya hydrogen. Urugero, ibikorwa remezo bishya binini kandi bihenze byakenerwa ku bibuga by'indege kugira ngo gazi ya hydrogen ikonje ikomeze kuba amazi.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Rutherford aracyafite icyizere cyimbitse ku bijyanye na hydrogen. Ikipe ye yizera ko indege zikoresha hydrogen zizashobora gukora urugendo rw'ibirometero 2.100 mu 2035.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-16-2023