I muri i te neke atu i te 80 tau o te whanaketanga, kua noho te umanga konupūmā kāpirati o Haina hei umanga matū taketake nui. I ngā tau tata nei, nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga ā-rohe me te pikinga o te hiahia mō te konupūmā kāpirati i raro iho, kua tere te tipu o te kaha whakaputa konupūmā kāpirati ā-rohe. I te tau 2012, e 311 ngā umanga konupūmā kāpirati i Haina, ā, kua eke te putanga ki te 18 miriona tana. I roto i ngā taputapu oumu konupūmā kāpirati, ko te hiko tētahi o ngā taputapu nui, e whai wāhi ana ki te kawe me te whakawhiti wera. I roto i te hanga konupūmā kāpirati, ka whakaurua he iahiko hiko ki roto i te oumu mā roto i te hiko hei whakaputa i te āwhata, ā, ka whakamahia te wera ātete me te wera āwhata hei tuku i te pūngao (te pāmahana tae atu ki te 2000°C) mō te whakarewa konupūmā kāpirati. Ko te mahi noa o te hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kounga o te whakapiri hiko, te kounga o te anga hiko, te kounga whakarewa, te roa o te wā tuku pēhanga, me te roa o te mahi hiko. I te wā e whakamahia ana te hiko, he tino pakari te taumata whakahaere a te kaiwhakahaere. Mā te kore e whakahaere i te hikohiko ka ngawari te pakaru o te hikohiko mā te ngawari, mā te pakeke, ka pā ki te tuku me te hurihanga o te pūngao hiko, ka heke te āhua o te oumu, ā, ka kino hoki ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu hiko. Te haumaru o te oranga o te kaiwhakahaere. Hei tauira, i te 7 o Noema, 2006, i pakaru ngāwari te hikohiko i te tipu konupūmā waro i Ningxia, ā, i wera ai te 12 o ngā kaimahi i te wāhi i pāngia ai, tae atu ki te 1 i mate, me te 9 i whara kino. I te tau 2009, i pakaru te hikohiko i te tipu konupūmā waro i Xinjiang, ā, i wera kino ai te 5 o ngā kaimahi i te wāhi i pāngia ai.
Te tātari i ngā take o te whati ngohengohe me te whati mārō o te hiko oumu konupūmā waro
1. Tātari take o te whati ngohengohe o te hiko oumu konupūmā carbide
He iti iho te tere o te whakamahana o te hiko i te tere o te paunga. I muri i te tukunga o te hiko kāore i tahuna, ka pakaru mārire te hiko. Ki te kore e tukuna te kaiwhakahaere oumu i te wā tika, ka wera pea. Ko ngā take motuhake mō te pakaru mārire o te hiko ko:
1.1 Kounga ngoikore o te whakapiri hiko me te nui rawa o ngā mea pupuhi.
1.2 He angiangi rawa, he matotoru rawa rānei te pepa rino o te anga hiko. He angiangi rawa, kāore e taea te tu atu ki ngā kaha nui o waho me te pakaru, ka piko, ka turuturu rānei te oko hiko, ka pakaru ngawari ina pēhia ki raro; he matotoru rawa, kāore e taea te piri tata o te anga rino me te matua hiko, ā, ka pakaru ngawari pea te matua.
1.3 Kāore i te pai te hanga o te anga rino hiko, kāore rānei i te pai te kounga o te whakarewanga, ka pakaru, ka turuturu, ka whati rānei.
1.4 Mēnā ka pēhia, ka whakatakotoria te hiko i ngā wā maha rawa, he poto rawa te wā, he roa rawa rānei te hiko, ka pakaru ngāwari.
1.5 Ki te kore e tāpirihia te whakapiri irahiko i te wā tika, ka tino teitei, ka tino iti rānei te tūranga whakapiri irahiko, ka pakaru ai te irahiko.
1.6 He nui rawa te whakapiri hiko, ki te kore e ata tāpirihia te whakapiri, e tau ana ki runga i ngā rara, e anga ana ki runga, ka pakaru pea.
1.7 Kāore i te pai te whakakā o te hiko. Ina whakahekehia te hiko, ā, i muri i te whakahekenga, kāore e taea te whakahaere tika i te iahiko, ā, ka nui rawa te iahiko, ka wera te pouaka hiko, ā, ka pakaru mārire te hiko.
1.8 Ina tere ake te tere whakaheke irahiko i te tere whakawerawera, ka kitea ngā wāhanga whakapiri i roto i te āhua, ka kitea rānei ngā huānga kawe hiko, ka mau te iahiko katoa i roto i te pouaka irahiko, ā, ka puta he wera nui. Ina werahia te pouaka irahiko ki runga ake i te 1200°C, ka heke te kaha kume ki te kore e taea te pikau i te taumaha o te irahiko, ka puta he aituā pakaru ngohengohe.
2. Tātari take o te pakaru pakeke o te hiko oumu konupūmā carbide
Ina pakaru te hiko, ki te tauhiuhi te konupūmā waro rewa, kāore he tikanga tiaki a te kaiwhakahaere, ā, ki te kore e puta wawe atu, ka wera pea. Ko ngā take motuhake mō te pakaru pakari o te hiko ko:
2.1 Kāore te whakapiri irahiko e rongoatia tika ana, he nui rawa te pungarehu, he nui ake ngā poke e mau ana, he iti rawa ngā mea pupuhi kei roto i te whakapiri irahiko, he wā poto te whakapakeke, he ngoikore rānei te piri, ka pakaru te irahiko.
2.2 Ngā ōwehenga rerekē o te whakapiri irahiko, te ōwehenga iti o te here, te ranunga koretake, te kaha ngoikore o te irahiko, me te here kore e tika. I muri i te rewa o te whakapiri irahiko, ka pakaru te matotoru o ngā matūriki, ka whakaiti i te kaha o te irahiko, ā, ka pakaru pea te irahiko.
2.3 He maha ngā momotu hiko, ā, he maha ngā wā ka mutu, ka whakatuwheratia te pūtake hiko. Mēnā ka motu te hiko, kāore anō kia mahia ngā mahi e tika ana, ā, ka pakaru te hikohiko me te whakakā.
2.4 He nui te puehu e taka ana ki roto i te anga hiko, inā koa i muri i te wā roa o te kati, ka kohia he paparanga matotoru o te pungarehu ki roto i te anga rino hiko. Ki te kore e horoia i muri i te tuku hiko, ka puta te whakakorikori me te wehewehe i te hiko, ka pakaru te hiko.
2.5 He roa te wā mokemoke o te hiko, ā, kāore te wāhanga mahi o te irahiko e tanumia ana ki roto i te utu, ā, ka tino waikura, ka pakaru hoki te irahiko.
2.6 Ka tere te whakamatao me te whakamahana i ngā irahiko, ka hua ake he rerekētanga nui o te ahotea o roto; hei tauira, ko te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i ngā irahiko i whakaurua ki roto, ki waho hoki o te rauemi i te wā tiaki; he nui te rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i roto, i waho hoki o te huānga whakapā; ka taea e te whakamahana kore taurite i te wā tuku hiko te pakaru pakari.
2.7 He roa rawa te roa o te mahi a te irahiko, ā, he nui rawa te kaha kukume, he taumahatanga tēnei ki te irahiko tonu. Mēnā he mangere te mahi, ka pakaru pea.
2.8 He iti rawa, he aukati rānei te nui o te hau e tukuna ana e te ngongo pupuri hiko, ā, he iti rawa te nui o te wai whakamatao, ka nui rawa te rewa o te whakapiri hiko, ka rite ki te wai, ka puta te matū waro matūriki ki roto, ka pā ki te kaha o te hiko, ka pakaru te hiko.
2.9 He nui te kiato o te iahiko o te irahiko, ka pakaru pea te irahiko.
Ngā mahi ārai hei karo i ngā pakaru o ngā hiko ngohengohe me ngā hiko mārō
1. Ngā mahi ārai hei karo i te pakaru ngohengohe o te oumu konupūmā waro
1.1 Whakahaere tika i te roa mahi o te hikohiko kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te hanga konupūmā waro.
1.2 Me rite te tere whakaheke ki te tere whakawera hiko.
1.3 Tirohia tonutia te roa o te hiko me ngā tikanga ngāwari me te mārō; ka taea hoki e koe te whakamahi i te pae rino hei tango ake i te hiko me te whakarongo ki te tangi. Ki te rongo koe i tētahi tangi tino pakarukaru, he tohu kua pakeke te hiko. Ki te kore e tino pakarukaru, he tino ngawari rawa te hiko. Hei tāpiri, he rerekē anō hoki te āhua. Ki te kore te pae rino e rongo i te pakari ina whakakahangia, he tohu tēnei he ngohengohe te hiko, ā, me āta whakapiki ake te kawenga.
1.4 Tirohia tonutia te pakeketanga o te hiko (ka taea e koe te aromatawai i te āhua o te hiko mā te wheako, pērā i te hiko pai e whakaatu ana i te kiri whero pouri pakupaku; he mā te hiko, he ngatata o roto, ā, kāore e kitea te kiri rino, he maroke rawa, he paoa pango te hiko, he pango, he mā te ira, he ngohengohe te kounga o te hiko).
1.5 Tirohia tonutia te kounga o te anga hiko whakarewa, kia kotahi te wāhanga mō ia whakarewa, me tētahi wāhanga hei tirotiro.
1.6 Tirohia te kounga o te whakapiri hiko i ia wā.
1.7 I te wā whakakaha me te wā utaina, kāore e taea te whakanui tere rawa i te kawenga. Me whakanui te kawenga i runga i te pakeketanga o te hiko.
1.8 Tirohia i ia wā mēnā he tika te kaha piri o te wāhanga pa o te hiko.
1.9 Inehia te teitei o te pou whakapiri hiko i ia wā, kaua e tino teitei rawa.
1.10 Me mau e ngā kaimahi e mahi ana i ngā mahi pāmahana teitei ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro e ātete ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei me ngā tauhiuhi.
2. Ngā mahi ārai hei karo i te pakaru pakari o te hiko oumu konupūmā carbide
2.1 Kia mau ki te roa mahi o te irahiko. Me ine te irahiko i ia rua rā, ā, me tika hoki. Ko te tikanga, ko te roa mahi o te irahiko he 1800-2000mm. Kāore e whakaaetia kia roa rawa, kia poto rawa rānei.
2.2 Mena he roa rawa te hiko, ka taea e koe te whakaroa i te wā tuku pēhanga me te whakaiti i te ōwehenga o te hiko i tēnei wāhanga.
2.3 Tirohia rawatia te kounga o te whakapiri hiko. Kaua e neke ake te nui o te pungarehu i te uara kua tohua.
2.4 Tirohia marietia te nui o te hau e tukuna ana ki te hiko me te tūranga taputapu o te whakamahana.
2.5 I muri i te motuhanga o te hiko, me pupuri te hiko kia wera rawa. Me huna te hiko ki te rauemi hei ārai i te waikura o te hiko. Kaua e tere rawa te whakanui i te kawenga i muri i te tuku hiko. Mēnā he roa te wā motuhanga o te hiko, whakawhiti ki te hiko whakamahana hiko momo-Y.
2.6 Mena ka pakaru pakari te hikohiko i ngā wā maha karapīpiti, me tirotiro mēnā kei te tutuki te kounga o te whakapiri hikohiko i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga.
2.7 Me taupoki te oko hiko i muri i te whakaurunga o te whakapiri kia kore ai e taka te puehu ki roto.
2.8 Me mau e ngā kaimahi e mahi ana i ngā mahi pāmahana teitei ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro e ātete ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei me ngā tauhiuhi.
hei whakamutunga
Me whai wheako whakaputa nui te hanga o te konupūmā kāpirati. He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia oumu kāpirati mō tētahi wā. Me whakarapopoto e te umanga ngā wheako whai hua i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, me whakapakari te haumi ki te hanga haumaru, me te tātari marie i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea o te whati ngohengohe me te whati mārō o te hiko oumu kāpirati. Me whakahaere te pūnaha whakahaere haumaru hiko, me ngā tikanga whakahaere taipitopito, me whakapakari te whakangungu ngaio o ngā kaiwhakahaere, me te mau i ngā taputapu tiaki kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga, me whakarite i ngā mahere ohorere me ngā mahere whakangungu ohorere, me te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakangungu auau hei whakahaere pai i te puta o ngā aituā oumu kāpirati me te whakaiti i ngā mate aituā.
Te wā tuku: Hakihea-24-2019