“Aho imodoka itwara lisansi imeze nabi, kuki twakora imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu?” Iki ni cyo kibazo cy’ingenzi abantu benshi batekereza ku “cyerekezo cy’umuyaga” cy’inganda zitwara imodoka. Bitewe n’intego zikomeye zivuga ngo “igabanuka ry’ingufu”, “kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere” na “gukora ibikoresho bishya”, icyifuzo cy’Ubushinwa cyo guteza imbere amasoko mashya y’ingufu ntikiramenyekana kandi ntikiramenyekana muri sosiyete.
Mu by’ukuri, nyuma y’imyaka myinshi y’iterambere rihoraho mu modoka zikoresha moteri zikoresha umuriro, uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bugezweho, inkunga y’isoko ndetse n’ibicuruzwa bihendutse kandi byiza bituma bigorana kumva impamvu inganda zigomba kuva muri uyu "muhanda ugororotse" zigahindukirira iterambere. Ingufu nshya ni "inzira y'ibyondo" itaragera aho iteje akaga. Kuki twagombye guteza imbere inganda nshya z’ingufu? Iki kibazo cyoroshye kandi cyoroshye ni ukutumva no kutamenya twese.
Mu myaka irindwi ishize, mu "Inyandiko y'Ingufu z'Ubushinwa yo mu 2012", gahunda y'igihugu "izateza imbere ingufu nshya n'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa" izasobanurwa neza. Kuva icyo gihe, inganda z'imodoka zo mu Bushinwa zarahindutse vuba, kandi zahinduye vuba kuva ku ngamba zo gukoresha ibinyabiziga bikoresha lisansi zijya ku ngamba nshya z'ingufu. Nyuma y'ibyo, ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa bishya by'ingufu bifitanye isano n'"inkunga" byinjiye vuba ku isoko, maze ijwi ry'urujijo ritangira kuzenguruka inganda nshya z'ingufu.
Ijwi ry'ibibazo ryaturutse mu mpande zitandukanye, kandi iyi ngingo yanatumye inganda zizamuka n'izimanuka. Ni iyihe miterere y'ingufu gakondo n'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu Bushinwa muri iki gihe? Ese inganda zikora imodoka zo mu Bushinwa zishobora kurenga? Ni gute twakwitwara ku modoka nshya zikoresha ingufu zitagikoreshwa mu gihe kizaza, kandi niba umwanda uhari? Uko gushidikanya gukomeye, icyizere kigabanuka, uburyo bwo kubona aho ibintu bigeze, igice cya mbere cy'inkingi kizibanda ku ruganda rukora ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu nganda - bateri.
Inkingi ni "ibibazo by'ingufu" bitakwirindwa
Bitandukanye n'imodoka itwara lisansi, lisansi ntikenera icyuma gitwara lisansi (niba ikigega cya lisansi kitabarwa), ariko "amashanyarazi" agomba gutwarwa na batiri. Kubwibyo, niba ushaka gusubira ku isoko ry'inganda, "amashanyarazi" ni intambwe ya mbere mu iterambere ry'ingufu nshya. Ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi gifitanye isano itaziguye n'ikibazo cy'ingufu. Hari ikibazo cyumvikana muri iki gihe: Ese guteza imbere cyane amasoko mashya y'ingufu ni ukubera ko ububiko bw'ingufu buhuriweho n'Ubushinwa buri hafi? Mbere yuko tuvuga ku iterambere ry'amabateri n'ingufu nshya, twagombye gusubiza ibibazo bijyanye n'ikibazo cy'Ubushinwa cyo "gukoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa gukoresha peteroli".
Ikibazo cya 1: Uko ingufu gakondo z'Abashinwa zihagaze
Bitandukanye n'impamvu yatumye abantu bagerageza bwa mbere imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu myaka 100 ishize, impinduramatwara nshya yatewe no kuva ku "mavuta asanzwe" bakajya ku "ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa". Hari "impinduka" zitandukanye ku gusobanura uko Ubushinwa buhagaze ku ngufu kuri interineti, ariko ibintu byinshi by'amakuru bigaragaza ko ingufu gakondo zo mu Bushinwa zidahangayitse kandi ziteye impungenge nk'uko uburyo bwo kohereza ingufu buhagaze, kandi ububiko bwa peteroli bufitanye isano rya hafi n'imodoka nabwo buganirwaho n'abaturage. Imwe mu ngingo zikomeye.
Dukurikije imibare iri muri Raporo y’Ingufu z’Ubushinwa yo mu 2018, nubwo umusaruro wa peteroli mu gihugu ugabanuka, Ubushinwa bwari mu mimerere ihamye mu bijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’ingufu zitumizwa mu mahanga bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ikoreshwa rya peteroli. Ibi bishobora kugaragaza ko nibura iterambere ry’ingufu nshya ritajyanye neza n’ “ububiko bwa peteroli.”
Ariko se bifitanye isano itaziguye? Mu rwego rw'ubucuruzi bw'ingufu buhamye, ubushinwa bushingiye ku ngufu gakondo buracyari hejuru. Mu bicuruzwa by'ingufu byose bitumizwa mu mahanga, peteroli isanzwe ingana na 66% naho amakara ingana na 18%. Ugereranyije no mu 2017, ibikomoka kuri peteroli isanzwe bitumizwa mu mahanga bikomeje kwiyongera cyane. Muri 2018, ibikomoka kuri peteroli isanzwe itumizwa mu Bushinwa byageze kuri toni miliyoni 460, ubwiyongere bw'umwaka ku mwaka bwa 10%. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli isanzwe ku bihugu by'amahanga byageze kuri 71%, bivuze ko ibirenga bibiri bya gatatu bya peteroli isanzwe mu Bushinwa bishingiye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Nyuma y’iterambere ry’inganda nshya zitanga ingufu, ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu Bushinwa rikomeje kugabanuka, ariko ugereranyije no mu 2017, ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu Bushinwa ryakomeje kuzamukaho 3.4%. Ku bijyanye n’ubushobozi bwo gukora peteroli, habayeho igabanuka rikomeye mu 2016-2018 ugereranyije no mu 2015, kandi impinduka mu cyerekezo ziyongereye ku gushingira ku bucuruzi bwa peteroli butumizwa mu mahanga.
Muri iki gihe, mu gihe Ubushinwa bukoresha ingufu zidasanzwe mu buryo busanzwe bwo “kwishingikiriza ku ngufu zidakoreshejwe”, hari icyizere ko iterambere ry’inganda nshya z’ingufu rizahindura imiterere y’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu. Mu 2018, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisukuye nka gaze karemano, ingufu zikomoka ku mazi, ingufu za kirimbuzi n’ingufu z’umuyaga byagize 22.1% by’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zose, ibyo bikaba byaragiye byiyongera mu myaka myinshi ishize.
Mu mpinduka ijya ku ngufu zisukuye mu masoko asanzwe y'ingufu, intego yo ku rwego rw'isi idafite karuboni nkeya, iracyari imwe, nk'uko ibirango by'imodoka byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika birimo kwiha "igihe cyo guhagarika kugurisha ibinyabiziga bya lisansi". Ariko, ibihugu bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kwishingikiriza ku masoko asanzwe y'ingufu, kandi "kubura umutungo kamere wa peteroli" mu Bushinwa ni kimwe mu bibazo biri mu mpinduka ijya ku ngufu zisukuye. Zhu Xi, umuyobozi w'ishami ry'ubukungu bw'ingufu mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi bw'Imibereho Myiza ry'Abashinwa, yagize ati: "Kubera ibihe bitandukanye by'ibihugu, Ubushinwa buracyari mu gihe cy'amakara, isi yinjiye mu gihe cya peteroli na gaze, kandi inzira yo kwerekeza ku buryo bw'ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gihe kizaza nta gushidikanya ko itandukanye. Ubushinwa bushobora kwambuka peteroli na gaze. Times." Isoko: Inzu y'imodoka
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-04-2019